# Tirzepatide References: Full Citation Index | Medicinal Tirzepatide

> Complete reference index for the tirzepatide research literature cited on this site — SURPASS and SURMOUNT trial publications, pharmacokinetic studies, safety meta-analyses, and FDA labeling, with PMIDs and DOIs.

## References

[1] Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32730231/
[2] Lee CJ, Mao H, Thieu VT, et al. Tirzepatide as Monotherapy Improved Markers of Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-1). Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10157777/
[3] Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170647/
[4] Ludvik B, Giorgino F, Jódar E, Frías JP, et al. Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3). Lancet. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370970/
[5] NCBI Bookshelf. Tirzepatide — StatPearls. StatPearls / NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
[6] Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1). New England Journal of Medicine. 2022. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038
[7] Jastreboff AM, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Obesity. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39996356/
[8] Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, Bays HE, Wharton S, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078870/
[9] Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, Weaver TE, Redline S, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA). New England Journal of Medicine. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38912654/
[10] Garvey WT, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2416394
[11] SURPASS CVOT Investigators. SURPASS CVOT: cardiovascular benefits with tirzepatide versus dulaglutide in type 2 diabetes. PubMed / SURPASS-CVOT program. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41815032/
[12] Lingvay I, Mosenzon O, Patel H, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: insights from SURPASS clinical program. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10039543/
[13] Thomas MK, Nikooienejad A, Bray R, et al. Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide Improves Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7823251/
[14] Patel H, Khunti K, Rodbard HW, Bajaj HS, Bray R, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide in the SURPASS clinical trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853960/
[15] Rubino DM, Pedersen SD, Connery L, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability and weight reduction associated with tirzepatide in adults with obesity or overweight with and without type 2 diabetes in the SURMOUNT-1 to -4 trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11885085/
[16] US Food and Drug Administration / Eli Lilly. ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) injection — Prescribing Information (FDA label). FDA Prescribing Information. 2024. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/217806s003lbl.pdf
[17] Zeng Q, Xu J, Mu X, Shi Y, Fan H, Li S. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908750/
[18] Schneck K, Urva S. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT: Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38356317/
[19] Urva S, Quinlan T, Landry J, Ma X, Martin JA, Benson CT. Effects of Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of the Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35674880/
[20] Alsuwailem OA, Alanazi R, Almutairi HM, et al. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist Use: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41111833/
[21] Regmi A, Aihara E, Christe ME, Varga G, Beyer TP, et al. Tirzepatide modulates the regulation of adipocyte nutrient metabolism through long-acting activation of the GIP receptor. Cell Metabolism. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38945123/

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A numbered schematic reading of the tirzepatide trial record — SURPASS and SURMOUNT endpoints indexed, mechanism annotated, no clinical position held.